Six Decades of Dopamine Hypothesis: Is Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor the New D2?
نویسندگان
چکیده
In 1957, Arvid Carlsson discovered that dopamine, at the time believed to be nothing more than a norepinephrine precursor, was brain neurotransmitter in and of itself. By 1963, postsynaptic dopamine blockade had become cornerstone psychiatric treatment as it appeared have deciphered “chlorpromazine enigma”, 1950s term, denoting action mechanism antipsychotic drugs. The same year, Lindqvist launched hypothesis schizophrenia, ushering era psychopharmacology. At present, six decades later, although watered down by three consecutive revisions, model remains vogue. latest emendation this paradigm proposes “environmental genetic factors” converge on dopaminergic pathways, upregulating transmission. Aryl hydrocarbon receptors, expressed gut blood–brain barrier, respond variety endogenous exogenous ligands, including probably participating interoceptive awareness, feed-back loop, conveying intestinal barrier status insular cortex. conceptualization aryl receptor bridge, connecting vagal terminals with microbiome, may elucidate aspects schizophrenia seemingly incongruous hypothesis, such increased prevalence urban areas, distance from equator, autoantibodies, or comorbidity inflammatory bowel disease human immunodeficiency 1 virus. review article, after short discussion outcome studies insight, we take closer look drugs, attempting answer question: do these agents exert their beneficial effects via both nondopaminergic mechanisms? Finally, discuss potential new therapies, transcutaneous stimulation, restoring homeostasis barrier.
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Reports
سال: 2023
ISSN: ['2571-841X']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/reports6030036